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In the United States, the calculus of negligence, also known as the Hand rule, Hand formula, or BPL formula, is a term coined by Judge Learned Hand which describes a process for determining whether a legal duty of care has been breached (see negligence). The original description of the calculus was in United States v. Carroll Towing Co.,^[1] in which an improperly secured barge had drifted away from a pier and caused damage to several other boats.

^ U.S. v. Carroll Towing, 159 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1947).